Anatomy and Physiology of Poultry Introduction : An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of birds, and the different body systems found in the bird, is useful when an understanding of how poultry work or function. Knowledge of bird anatomy (body parts) and physiology (body function) enables the poultry industry to maximise bird performance and maintain good welfare practices. Like humans, birds eat, grow, breathe, reproduce, empty out wastes and move about. Both need food, water and air, and must protect themselves from changes in the environment. Anatomical Terms The following terms are used to describe locations on the animal body. Dorsal: pertains to the upper surface of the animal. Ventral: relates to the lower and abdominal surface. Cranial (or anterior): applies to the front or head. Caudal (or posterior): pertains to the tail or rear Integumentary System The skin, feathers, and beak. Function: to protect the bird from external harm. Skin Much like